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Dynamics

A large number of physical properties of crystals and amorphous and hardly crystallizing matter, such as glass, polymers and biopolymers are of dynamic or kinetic nature. Those two differ by the time scales involved: dynamic are atomic and molecular time spans, i.e. 10-14 to10-7 sec, while kinetic are macroscopic time spans, 10-6 sec up to hours. This large time scale encompasses a number of phenomena: the shortest of the named periods correspond to thermal vibrations of atoms (phonons) in the structure of diamond or silicon; spans around 10-9 sec are typical for diffusion of atoms in crystals and for movements in polymers and biopolymers.

With synchrotron radiation one can study vibrations and movements in different size and time scales. For example, chemical reactions and structural changes like protein folding can be followed in real time with time resolved X-ray scattering.

Lattice vibrations in crystals are in the focus of phonon spectroscopy. The most important features that distinguish inelastic X-ray scattering from the well established coherent inelastic neutron scattering, is the lack of kinematic borders and the possibility to study very small samples. This has opened up new possibilities in fields ranging from biology to geophysics or material sciences.

Also slower processes like diffusion can be followed. Diffusion is not only important in liquids and colloids, but also in crystalline solids in daily life, e.g. when metal is rusting, in doping of semiconductors, nitration of steel etc. With a relatively new method, X-ray-photon spectroscopy (XPCS), the basic processes can bee studied on atomic scale.

Source: RWTH Aachen: Kristallographie: Jetzige und zukünftige Aufgaben











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